At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Identify possible sound patterns in English.
• List notable language skills, classify word formation processes.
• Construct simple and fairly complex sentences in English.
• Apply logical and critical reasoning skills for meaningful presentations.
• Demonstrate an appreciable level of the art of public speaking and listening.
• Write simple and technical reports.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Describe the nature and scope of accounting.
• Differentiate between bookkeeping and accounting.
• Discuss the objectives of financial accounting, appreciate various branches of accounting.
• Understand methods of recording accounting data using manual and electronic devices.
• Prepare basic accounting records, from primary books to the extraction of trial balances, correct basic posting errors, and prepare bank reconciliation statements.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Identify the basic concepts in economics including scarcity, choice, and scale of preference; basic laws of demand and supply.
• Explain the nature of elasticity and its applications, as well as short and long run production functions.
• Discuss pricing of factors of production and market structure consisting of perfect competitive market and imperfect competitive markets.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Understand the significance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and its application to libraries and Information Services.
• Acquire essential ICT skills for information professionals, understand data communication and internet resources in electronic storage systems, and explore web technology resources.
• Learn the impact of ICT on modern libraries, along with ethical considerations and challenges related to applying ICT in library settings, particularly in the context of Nigerian libraries.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Identify the roles and importance of mathematics in economics.
• Translate economic statements to mathematical formulation and explain mathematical formulation in economic terms.
• Discuss the roles of matrices and algebra in the representation of economic statements and solving simple economic concepts in the range of introductory economics.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Explain basic components of computers and other computing devices.
• Describe the various applications of computers.
• Explain information processing and its roles in the society.
• Describe the Internet, its various applications and its impact.
• Explain the different areas of the computing discipline and its specializations.
• Demonstrate practical skills on using computers and the internet.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Explain the basic concepts of descriptive statistics.
• Present data in graphs and charts.
• Differentiate between measures of location, dispersion, and partition.
• Describe the basic concepts of Skewness and Kurtosis as well as their utility function in a given data set.
• Differentiate rates from ratios and how they are used.
• Compute the different types of index number from a given data set and interpret the output.
• Understand and apply frequency distributions to organize and summarize data.
• Create and interpret various types of charts and graphs to visualize data effectively.
• Compute and interpret measures of central tendency to identify the center of a distribution.
• Calculate and interpret measures of dispersion to understand the spread of data points.
• Compare and contrast different approaches to probability.
• Calculate and interpret conditional probabilities to make informed decisions based on given conditions.
• Identify and work with probability distributions in the discrete case, including Bernoulli, Binomial, Uniform, Poisson, Geometric, and Hypergeometric distributions.
• Analyze continuous probability distributions, such as Uniform, Normal, and Exponential distributions.

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

• Grasp environmental studies’ fundamental principles, human-environment relationships, and the impact of human activities on nature.
• Examine energy resource usage and its environmental consequences, and investigate chemicals and waste effects on ecosystems and health.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Outline contemporary health issues and broadly classify them.
• Discuss some basic concepts related to clinical medicine, disease prevention/management, and population health.
• Explain the aetiology, prevention, and management of key non-communicable diseases.
• Discuss the epidemiology, personal and public health consequences of selected infectious diseases.
• Discuss the personal and social determinants of health.
• Explain the place of disease prevention and health promotion in personal and population health.
• Explain the connection between contemporary health issues and sustainable development goals.
• Relate contemporary health issues to global health challenges.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Have a deepened understanding of communication skills both in spoken and written English.
• Demonstrate an appreciable level of proficiency in the arts of public speaking, listening, and effective communication.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Analyze the historical foundation of the Nigerian culture and arts in pre-colonial times.
• List and identify the major linguistic groups in Nigeria.
• Explain the gradual evolution of Nigeria as a political unit.
• Analyze the concepts of Trade, Economic, and Self-reliance status of the Nigerian peoples towards national development.
• Enumerate the challenges of the Nigerian State towards nation-building.
• Analyze the role of the Judiciary in upholding people’s fundamental rights.
• Identify acceptable norms and values of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria.
• List and suggest possible solutions to identifiable Nigerian environmental, moral, and value problems.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Define the concept and purpose of project management.
• Identify the processes and actors in project management.
• Demonstrate a working knowledge of key project management methods.
• Describe the tools and techniques used in project management.
• Identify project bottlenecks and possible solutions.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Identify the roles and importance of mathematics in economics.
• Translate economic statements to mathematical formulation and explain mathematical formulation in economic terms.
• Discuss the roles of matrices and algebra in the representation of economic statements and in solving simple economic concepts in the range of introductory economics.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Discuss the basic concept of functions, index numbers, and dependent and independent variables in functions, as well as national income accounting.
• Examine circular flow of income with a simple two-sector model.
• Explain elementary issues on consumption, savings, investment, and government’s revenue, expenditure and roles of domestic money and foreign exchange.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Explain the linkage between accounting and other information systems.
• Define the conceptual framework for financial reporting.
• Identify the users and uses of financial statements/reports.
• Link the fundamental concepts and conventions in financial accounting to financial report preparation.
• List the types of accounting errors and how to correct them.
• Explain suspense accounts and their uses.
• Prepare control accounts.
• Prepare accounts for not-for-profit organizations.
• Differentiate single entry and incomplete records.
• Prepare trading, profit or loss accounts of a sole trader, including adjustments.
• State the roles and functions of Accounting standards-setting bodies – Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) and International Accounting Standard Board (IASB).

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Have a thorough understanding of elementary sampling theory, including concepts such as random samples and random numbers, sampling with and without replacement, sampling distributions, distribution of means and proportions, and the central limit theorem.
• Be well-versed in statistical estimation theory, covering parameters, unbiased estimates, point and interval estimates, and confidence intervals.
• Apply appropriate sampling methods.
• Estimate population parameters accurately.
• Construct reliable confidence intervals for statistical inference and decision-making.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Explain the concepts and theories of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, opportunity seeking, new value creation, and risk-taking;
• State the characteristics of an entrepreneur;
• Analyze the importance of micro and small businesses in wealth creation, employment, and financial independence;
• Engage in entrepreneurial thinking;
• Identify key elements in innovation;
• Describe stages in enterprise formation, partnership and networking including business planning;
• Describe contemporary entrepreneurial issues in Nigeria, Africa and the rest of the world; and
• State the basic principles of e-commerce.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Discuss the division of economics into microeconomics and macroeconomics;
• Define the laws of individual and market demand and supply and their elasticities; and
• Explain the basic elements in microeconomics in terms of the foundation subject matter of household consumer behaviour using indifference curves, elementary production, and costs with Isoquant and Isocost, treated in graphical form and simple mathematical capsules.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Distinguish elements of microeconomics, which deal with individual households, firms and markets, from elements of macroeconomics, that are concerned with aggregates in terms of nature and scope;
• Discuss economic models, general equilibrium and disequilibrium;
• Identify the goals of macroeconomics, gross domestic product measurement and components, and
• Explain the basic theories of consumption, savings, and investments in economic science, as well as their determinants.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Discuss the Nigerian economy in pre-colonial, post-colonial and post-independence era and up to the present time with regards to economic growth and development; and
• Identify and explain the number of economic sectors and broad contributions of each to the Nigerian economy over time, as well as the changes that have taken place since independence and their future prospects.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Convert economic statements into mathematical formulations.
• Apply some simple mathematical concepts to day-to-day economic factors, and
• Solve and interpret mathematical models.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Have a comprehensive understanding of the definition and functions of money, as well as the structure and functions of financial systems and markets.
• Understand the various financial institutions and markets, including banks, and their economic roles.
• Grasp the theories of money, money supply and demand, and the demand and supply of financial assets.
• Analyze the determination of money stock, interest rates, and prices, enabling them to comprehend the complexities of the monetary and financial aspects of the economy.
• Make informed decisions in the financial domain and comprehend the interplay between money, financial markets, and economic stability.
• Explain and demonstrate an understanding of key financial markets – currency markets, money markets, derivative markets, capital markets, etc.
• Apply economic principles and theories to financial market issues.
• Offer innovative, relevant, timely, and in-depth insights and solutions to money market problems and challenges to national and global monetary policy.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Appreciate the framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements;
• Prepare simple financial statements of a limited liability company;
• Account for borrowing costs;
• Discuss accounting for government grants;
• Define relevant terms under IFRS 15 – Revenue;
• Account for inventory;
• Explain accounting policies; and
• Define relevant terms under IFRS 15 – Revenue.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Know the basic features of philosophy as an academic discipline;
• Identify the main branches of philosophy & the centrality of logic in philosophical discourse;
• Know the elementary rules of reasoning;
• Distinguish between valid and invalid arguments;
• Think critically and assess arguments in texts, conversations, and day-to-day discussions;
• Critically assess the rationality or otherwise of human conduct under different existential conditions;
• Develop the capacity to extrapolate and deploy expertise in logic to other areas of knowledge; and
• Guide his or her actions, using the knowledge and expertise acquired in philosophy and logic.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Explain the history of computing sciences;
• Discuss in detail the different computing programs and their characteristics;
• Evaluate different computer applications; and
• Apply search engines to source on-line resources.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Appreciate the basic concepts and the workings of market mechanisms within the context of theories of demand, supply, consumer behaviour, and production in the short and long run;
• Identify the distribution of incomes according to factors of production; and
• Discuss the structure of markets within the context of perfect markets and imperfect markets.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Discuss issues on the aggregate economy in relation to the functions and role of government with its policies;
• Identify the types of inflation and its positive and negative effects;
• Explain the types of unemployment and the Phillips curve; and
• Discuss the external sector activities, particularly international trade and the role of exchange rates in the payment system.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Collect, analyse, utilise and present numerical data to make inferences as well as reach decisions both under certainty and uncertainty in economics, business, management and socio-political conditions;
• Apply simple statistical concepts to business, management, and socio-political conditions; and
• Prepare both descriptive and inferential statistics using a representative of a population and specified probability error.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Combine elements of economics and psychology explaining the decision-making of individuals and their choices;
• Explain and demonstrate an understanding of expected and unexpected individual behaviour (e.g. consumption and consumer behaviour, production behaviour, firm/organisational behaviour);
• Understand responses to economic stimuli including market fluctuations (e.g. interest rates and other prices), technological advancements, environmental fluctuations, and demographic and global market trends;
• Explain practical departures from neoclassical assumptions of human behaviour.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Apply elements of data analytics, visualisation, descriptive statistics, and econometrics to decision-making for diverse sectors of the economy;
• Understand and apply quantitative methods to decision-making in markets and industries including finance and fintech, natural resource markets, workforce, and healthcare markets;
• Learn practical work-ready decision-making skills using analytical methods.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Understand that health is a crucial resource that influences the efficient use of all other resources;
• Understand that the market for healthcare exists at the micro and macro levels;
• Understand the direct medical care markets, health insurance markets, the market for healthcare professionals, global pharmaceutical industry;
• Understand the macroeconomic process of developing and maintaining a sustainable healthcare system;
• Understand how economic principles, concepts, and theories are applied to diverse aspects of the healthcare Industry.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Apply key economic theories and analytical methods to address questions and challenges of the labour market at the micro and macro levels;
• Develop the ability to approach workforce (labour market) issues from innovative perspectives;
• Understand economic principles and theories and be able to apply them in the following areas: worker satisfaction, discrimination, the environment of work, work culture, productivity, compensation and benefits analysis, etc. at the individual and firm levels, and workforce policies (pension reforms and policies, minimum wage, etc.) and their implications at national, international, and global levels.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Apply some level of mathematics to solving optimization problems in consumer behaviour and production using Lagrangian analysis.
• Discuss the optimizing behaviour of households in the consumption decision and the optimization decision-making by firms in their production processes given available factor inputs.
• Explain inferences from theorems and appreciate the simplicity of economic models vis-à-vis the complexity of the true world situation.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Present national income multipliers for the 4-sector model.
• Know the theories of consumption and investments under certainty and uncertainty.
• Explain the economic fundamentals relating to public sector economics and finance.
• Proffer solutions to some public sector problems with their understanding of government policies.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Appreciate the roles of classical economists in separating economics subject matter from political economy stand-alone discipline.
• Discuss the forerunners of economics disciplines like the position of physiocrats and mercantilists as well as the position of such schools of thought as utilitarianism, German romanticism, the historical school, and institutionalists.
• Explain the roles of Keynesian, neo-Keynesian, new classical, and other new schools of economic thought.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Explain the fundamentals of cost analysis.
• Define financial terminology and concepts.
• Conceptualise, prepare, and execute/assess projects for small and medium-scale enterprises.
• Design cash flow analysis, risks and uncertainty assessment, cost-benefit analysis, and other standard analytical techniques for evaluating investment proposals in the natural resource industries.
• Account for and be able to judge and select the right projects from alternatives.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Enumerate innovative ideas that border on societal problems.
• Apply social science knowledge to research on public and private sectors.
• Design techniques for proposal writing.
• Appreciate social and human welfare services.
• Analyse models for establishing family and community development.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Identify and practically apply data analytics techniques to real-world data analytics projects.
• Apply ethical, innovative, and interdisciplinary perspectives to data analytics, deduction of insights, and data visualization.
• Get, organize, clean, and transform data.
• Identify data types, and appropriate modeling methods, assess the quality of inputs/features, define, identify, and select appropriate visualizations and produce insights from visualizations and modeling results.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Gain a deep understanding of theories and models of economic growth, including the roles of capital accumulation, technological progress, human capital, and institutions in fostering development.
• Analyse the causes and consequences of poverty and inequality in developing countries, using economic theories and empirical evidence to understand disparities in income, education, health, and access to basic services.
• Be proficient in evaluating the effectiveness of development policies and strategies, including foreign aid, trade policies, microfinance, agricultural development, and industrialisation efforts.
• Develop a comprehensive understanding of key development challenges facing low- and middle-income countries, such as demographic transitions, rural-urban migration, environmental degradation, and governance issues.
• Apply economic analysis techniques, such as cost-benefit analysis, impact evaluation, and econometric methods, to assess and propose solutions to development problems.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

• Analyze the concepts of peace, conflict, and security.
• List major forms, types, and root causes of conflict and violence.
• Differentiate between conflict and terrorism.
• Enumerate security and peace building strategies.
• Describe the roles of international organizations, media, and traditional institutions in peace building.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Describe the key steps in venture creation.
• Spot opportunities in problems and high-potential sectors regardless of geographical location.
• State how original products, ideas, and concepts are developed.
• Develop business concepts for further incubation or pitching for funding.
• Identify key sources of entrepreneurial finance.
• Implement the requirements for establishing and managing micro and small enterprises.
• Conduct entrepreneurial marketing and e-commerce.
• Apply a wide variety of emerging technological solutions to entrepreneurship.
• Appreciate why ventures fail due to a lack of planning and poor implementation.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Identify and distinguish between and among different market structures in industrial settings.
• Discuss the behaviour, conduct, and performance of businesses under different market structures.
• Appreciate how consumers, businesses, and government combine available resources to produce output at optimal levels.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Discuss some policy issues on the international economy.
• Undertake some analysis of government policies with respect to economic growth, treatment of monetary and fiscal policies in closed and open economies (capital mobility, exchange rate regimes, and environment).
• Appreciate the workings of an economy within the framework of the new classical and Keynesian macroeconomics.
• Explain issues in economic development as well as international trade and balance of payment adjustments.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Explain the various concepts used in econometrics.
• Derive simple ordinary least squares estimates and the statistical relationship of data sets like the goodness-of-fit, the t-statistics and making inferences from results of simple/multiple regression and interpret estimated models.
• Carry out data formatting, data mining, data processing, and interpretation of estimated models.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Discuss the roles of governments under various fiscal systems of free, mixed, and centrally planned economies.
• Explain the allocation, distribution, and stabilization functions of the government given the fiscal instruments at its disposal.
• Identify the background theories of public sector economics as a guide to higher-level economics on the role of government in economic growth and development.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Understand international economic institutions and the theories of international trade, including absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and factor proportions theories.
• Understand the concepts of static and dynamic gains from trade, appreciating the benefits of international trade for economies.
• Analyze trade protection policies, understanding both free trade and protectionist approaches.
• Explore theories of economic integration and gain insights into international and regional trade organizations, comprehending their roles and functions.
• Familiarize with international financial institutions and markets, allowing them to grasp the complexities of global financial systems and their impact on international trade and economic cooperation.
• Critically analyze global economic dynamics and contribute to informed decision-making in international economic affairs.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Explain the concept and scope of research methods.
• Discuss in detail procedures for conducting research.
• Discuss the principles guiding research.
• Discuss types of research – experimental, non-experimental, and quasi-experimental research.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Discuss confidently, issues in behavioural/optimization construct in consumer behaviour, investments, production and pricing/distribution under different market or cost structures, maximisation and minimisation framework.
• Explain the issues of equilibrium in single and multimarket situations, multiperiod consumption, investment theory of the firm, and the role of time.
• Discuss welfare economics issues within the context of efficiency or inefficiency in resource use under perfect and imperfect competitive situations, and optimality conditions.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Present a complete open economy model multiplier including the household, business unit, government, and the external sector.
• Discuss in detail, the theories of consumption and investments relevant to emerging and developing economies.
• Explain the relevance of the IS-LM framework to macroeconomic policies, the appropriate macroeconomic theories, and policies on consumption and investment for emerging and developing economies desirous of sustainable growth and development.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Prepare short-, medium- and long-term plans with feedback mechanism for an economy.
• Discuss planning processes and policy formation given natural endowments including human resources.
• Compare national planning across economic blocs and relevance to economic development.
• Discuss basic theories and policy issues on economic development.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Discuss issues on government sources of revenue, particularly various types/relevance of taxes and objects/structure of expenditure.
• Discuss issues on fiscal relationships between and among the federating units of the economy (fiscal federalism).
• Explain issues relating to national debts and their consequences for debt management and national development.
• Discuss global debt issues, debt forgiveness, and economic dependence and development.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Prepare and present a research proposal.
• Collect and organise meaningful data.
• Conduct a pilot study and write a research report.
• Apply appropriate statistics in data analysis.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Apply the matrix treatment of multiple regression.
• Estimate simultaneous equation models using recommended software.
• Advocate the use of instruments in the instrumental variable regression.
• Understand the use of qualitative response models.
• Apply qualitative response models to economic relationships.
• Adopt introductory panel models.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

• Understand Economic Principles in Environmental Contexts.
• Analyse the effectiveness of various environmental policies and regulations, including cap-and-trade systems, pollution taxes, subsidies for green technologies, and other market-based approaches.
• Be proficient in conducting cost-benefit analyses specific to environmental projects and policies, assessing the trade-offs between economic development and environmental conservation.
• Use methods for valuing natural resources and ecosystem services, such as contingent valuation, hedonic pricing, and the use of ecosystem service models, to inform decision-making in environmental management.
• Understand the concepts of sustainable development and the integration of environmental considerations into economic growth strategies, including assessing the long-term impacts of economic activities on natural ecosystems.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Advise businesses on optimal combinations of factors of production to achieve optimal output and maximize their profits;
• Advise on management of public resources to achieve citizens’ welfare and externalities, including the use of game theory to solve welfare problems in emerging and developing economies; and
• Use game theory to solve welfare problems in emerging and developing economies.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Discuss growth models from neoclassical to modern theories of economic growth;
• Identify employment models from the classical to Keynesian;
• Explain various theories of exchange rate and balance of payments under different exchange rate regimes;
• Prepare government macroeconomic policies and offer sound advice to public and private enterprises or organizations; and
• Carry out relevant research on macroeconomic policies as they affect emerging and developing economies, including Nigeria.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Identify the theoretical foundation for monetary policy formulation;
• Discuss the nature and functions of money, its use as a credit instrument, and the policy measures that control its usage, circulation, and transmission mechanism to achieve the stated objectives; and
• Explain roles money plays in economic growth, employment of resources, stable prices, and balance of payment equilibrium issues.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Carry out research successfully and write a report. The student can choose any research method, design, and statistics;
• Investigate issues within the context of the subject matter of economics; and
• Write a research report.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

• Render an overview of decision science;
• Highlight the foundations of decision theory;
• Analyze uncertainty and risk and how they affect decision-making;
• Discuss the departure of behavioral economics from traditional economic assumptions;
• Adopt game theory for economic decisions; and
• Adopt the applications of decision science in public policy, economic forecasting, and business strategy.